Rising temperatures in cities pose a significant threat to residents' well-being and quality of life. Governments worldwide are embracing innovative strategies to counter this phenomenon. These approaches range from educating people on protection measures, as demonstrated in Melbourne, Australia, to creating urban green spaces that mitigate heat and pollution, as witnessed in Paris, France. Additionally, solutions like awnings are being implemented, as observed in Seville, Spain.
Climate change stands as a major challenge due to its profound impact on both the planet and its inhabitants. Meteorological shifts are breaking records in storm intensity, flooding severity, drought duration, and notably, surging temperatures and extreme heatwaves.
The term "heatwave" lacks a universal definition due to its correlation with specific regional climates and residents' adaptability. Nonetheless, it generally denotes periods when temperatures surge beyond the norm, triggering environmental and health repercussions. These events can extend for days or even weeks, often accompanied by high humidity, imperilling people's well-being and ecosystems alike.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention underscore the spectrum of health risks posed by heatwaves, from heat exhaustion to sunstroke to respiratory ailments, which can result in death or permanent disability. Certain demographic groups, such as children, the elderly, those with chronic illnesses, low-income individuals, and outdoor labourers, are particularly vulnerable.
With distress calls mounting for a viable solution, experiments have come to the fore. One of the pioneering efforts emerged in Australia, a country accustomed to its harsh conditions. Melbourne, in partnership with a climate-focused private company, has launched a ground-breaking project. They are developing a heat risk mapping tool that merges climate data with societal information, aiming to plan responses and protect those most susceptible.
Melbourne faces rising temperatures and an elevated risk of wildfires, leading to significant casualties, property damage, and harm to wildlife in Australia.
To fortify the city's defences against heatwaves, the Melbourne City Council has established the role of 'Chief Heat Officer.' This role is dedicated to crafting resilience strategies and devising community outreach plans. Remarkably, Melbourne stands as the first city in Australia and the sixth worldwide to adopt such a position.
Prior studies by local authorities and research institutions tracked heatwave occurrences, linking them to hospitalisation and mortality rates. The findings were then juxtaposed with weather forecasts, which predict up to 16 annual heatwaves before mid-century.
The risks associated with heatwaves are most pronounced in cities grappling with another phenomenon known as the "urban heat island" effect. This concept stems from the idea that cities tend to be hotter than their surroundings due to their surfaces being covered with impermeable materials like concrete. These surfaces absorb heat during the day and gradually release it at night, creating a persistent state of elevated temperatures in the absence of natural vegetation cover.
To address this challenge, the City Council has initiated a green campaign. This initiative involves the planting of over 3,000 trees and the composting of nearly 2,500 tonnes of organic waste, with active participation from 23,000 local families.
In Paris, France, the local council has established 800 "cool islands," featuring parks, gardens, swimming pools, and museums adorned with lush greenery. These islands are strategically located to ensure that each resident can reach one within a brief seven-minute stroll.
With this in mind, the city has created a mapping application to assist residents in locating the nearest cool spot to escape high temperatures. The app offers details about each location, including its operating hours and maintenance status. Additionally, Paris has ambitious plans to plant 170,000 new trees by 2026.
In Seville, Spain, where summer temperatures surge to 40 degrees Celsius and tourist influx reaches hundreds of thousands, the City Council has embraced a "policy of shade." Since the 1990s, it has engaged private contractors to install awnings over the historic and heritage streets to provide shade and protection for pedestrians. Recently, authorities adopted a new approach by awarding a contract to a private company with a budget of nearly one million euros for the installation and maintenance of new awnings while retaining ownership. The city also increased the number of fountains in public squares, enhanced greenery, aiming to plant 5,000 trees annually, and is gradually transforming the construction sector by promoting the use of heat-reflecting materials.
While Melbourne focuses on enhancing society's resilience to climate change, Paris is committed to providing its residents a refreshing window of air, 2-4°C cooler, as a break from the bustling Parisian lifestyle.
Meanwhile, Seville is dedicated to delivering a more enjoyable experience for tourists, promoting healthier living conditions for its citizens, and implementing sustainable measures to combat the ongoing temperature rise.
References:
- https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/heatwaves-blanket-europe-cities-turn-nature-solutions
- https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/08/cities-heatwaves-climate-solutions/
- https://resilientmelbourne.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/LivingMelbourne_Strategy_online.pdf
- https://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/pubs/extreme-heat-final_508.pdf
- https://onebillionresilient.org/who-we-are/
- https://theconversation.com/melbourne-now-has-chief-heat-officers-heres-why-we-need-them-and-what-they-can-do-192248
- https://www.smartcitiesworld.net/climate-action/melbourne-develops-tool-to-combat-rising-temperatures-8835
- https://www.c40knowledgehub.org/s/article/Cities100-Paris-is-using-blue-and-green-infrastructure-to-tackle-city-heat?language=en_US
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-18/one-of-europe-s-hottest-cities-has-a-climate-change-battle-plan?cmpid=BBD082022_GREENDAILY&utm_medium=email&utm_source=newsletter&utm_term=220820&utm_campaign=greendaily#xj4y7vzkg
